HSDN‐GRA: A hybrid software‐defined networking‐based geographic routing protocol with multi‐agent approach

We propose in this paper a Hybrid Software‐Defined Networking‐based Geographical Routing Protocol (HSDN‐GRA) with a clustering approach. It takes into account three different criteria to select the best relay to send data: (1) the contact duration between vehicles, (2) the available load of each vehicle, (3) and the log of encountered communication errors embedded in each cluster head. The multi‐criteria strategy allows the selection of the most reliable vehicles by avoiding communication problems and ensuring connection availability. Once the hybrid control plane has found out the next eligible neighbor, the data plane will be in charge of dividing and sending data. To validate our approach, HSDN‐GRA has been modeled and implemented in JADE, a multi‐agent platform, to be compared to other multi‐agent based protocols. Simulation results show that HSDN‐GRA achieves good performance with respect to the average routing overhead, the packet drop rate, and the throughput.     

超低渗油藏在线分流酸化增注技术研究与应用

酸化是超低渗油藏最有效的增注措施之一，但由于储层物性差、非均质性强等问题，造成目前常规酸化措施普遍具有施工周期长、有效率低、有效作用距离短等不足，且酸化过程中存在指进现象和储层二次伤害。针对这一问题，选取鄂尔多斯盆地环江油田三叠系超低渗油藏为研究对象，提出了在线分流酸化技术，并配套研制了一种多元缓速螯合酸COA-1S和一种新型的水溶性分流剂COA-1P。通过室内评价实验和在线分流酸化模拟实验，发现该技术在缓速性、配伍性、水溶性、螯合能力和暂堵功能等方面均显著优于常规酸化；现场先导性实验结果表明，酸化后剖面吸水均匀程度从28.5%上升至50.9%，视吸水指数增加2倍左右，降压增注效果显著；同时，该技术还具有“不停井、不泄压、不动管柱、不返排”的特点，简化了常规分流酸化工序、降低了安全环保风险，是一种能够很好地适应超低渗油藏特征的酸化增注技术。     

高强度堵水剂裂缝细管模型堵水模拟实验

在裂缝性致密储层中，裂缝既是油流通道又是水驱窜流通道，在注水开发中由于裂缝的存在导致水驱波及效率低，从而形成无效注水开发。此外，裂缝性储层的封堵又存在大裂缝封堵效果差、有效期短等问题。鉴于此研制了水溶性酚醛树脂冻胶和单体地层聚合高强度堵剂体系，测定了堵剂在70℃下的成胶性能、稳定性以及封堵强度等。通过细管模拟裂缝研究了不同因素对堵剂突破压力的影响；通过可视化细管研究了堵剂在管中的突破方式以及影响因素。研究结果表明，水溶性酚醛树脂冻胶的突破压力随着冻胶强度的增加而增加，随着管径的增加而减小，随着注水速度的增加先减小、后增加，最后稳定；单体地层聚合堵剂的突破压力随着堵剂强度的增加而增加，随着管径的增加先增大、后减小。在可视化细管实验中，堵剂突破时并不完全沿细管中心突破，其堵剂的强度与黏附性等因素有关。     

Preceramic paper-derived Ti3Al(Si)C2-based composites obtained by spark plasma sintering

The paper describes the structure and properties of preceramic paper-derived Ti₃Al(Si)C₂-based composites fabricated by spark plasma sintering. The effect of sintering temperature and pressure on microstructure and mechanical properties of the composites was studied. The microstructure and phase composition were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), respectively. It was found that at 1150 °C the sintering of materials with the MAX-phase content above 84 vol% leads to nearly dense composites. The partial decomposition of the Ti₃Al(Si)C₂ phase becomes stronger with the temperature increase from 1150 to 1350 °C. In this case, composite materials with more than 20 vol% of TiC were obtained. The paper-derived Ti₃Al(Si)C₂-based composites with the flexural strength > 900 MPa and fracture toughness of >5 MPa m^1/2 were sintered at 1150 °C. The high values of flexural strength were attributed to fine microstructure and strengthening effect by secondary TiC and Al₂O₃ phases. The flexural strength and fracture toughness decrease with increase of the sintering temperature that is caused by phase composition and porosity of the composites. The hardness of composites increases from ~9.7 GPa (at 1150 °C) to ~11.2 GPa (at 1350 °C) due to higher content of TiC and Al₂O₃ phases.     

Preparation of a CeO2–ZrO2 based nano-composite with enhanced thermal stability by a novel chelating precipitation method

In this study, a chelating agent is introduced to prepare CeO₂–ZrO₂ nano-composite through a precipitation process. The physicochemical properties of the oxide precursors, nano composite materials are strongly dependent on the preparation method and whether a chelating agent is used. Adding an appropriate quantity of chelating agent SO₄²⁻ can facilitate thermal stability and phase structure uniformity of CeO₂–ZrO₂ mixed oxides. The calculation results showed that the Gibbs free energy of chelating complex of [ZrSO₄]²⁺ (ΔG = −127.2469 kJ/mol) is higher than the [Ce(III)SO₄]⁺ (ΔG = -29.8279 kJ/mol). The precipitation chemical potential of Zr⁴⁺ moves close to the precipitation chemical potential of Ce³⁺. The novel and low-cost chelating precipitation method can modify the homogeneity of the compounds at the atomic scale, which can offer a powerful opportunity for, and provide direction in, the design of materials with exceptional properties.     

Stabilization of natural gas foams using different surfactants at high pressure and high temperature conditions

Natural gas foam can be used for mobility control and channel blocking during natural gas injection for enhanced oil recovery, in which stable foams need to be used at high reservoir temperature, high pressure and high water salinity conditions in field applications. In this study, the performance of methane (CH₄) foams stabilized by different types of surfactants was tested using a high pressure and high temperature foam meter for surfactant screening and selection, including anionic surfactant (sodium dodecyl sulfate), non-anionic surfactant (alkyl polyglycoside), zwitterionic surfactant (dodecyl dimethyl betaine) and cationic surfactant (dodecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride), and the results show that CH₄-SDS foam has much better performance than that of the other three surfactants. The influences of gas types (CH₄, N₂, and CO₂), surfactant concentration, temperature (up to 110°C), pressure (up to 12.0 MPa), and the presence of polymers as foam stabilizer on foam performance was also evaluated using SDS surfactant. The experimental results show that the stability of CH₄ foam is better than that of CO₂ foam, while N₂ foam is the most stable, and CO₂ foam has the largest foam volume, which can be attributed to the strong interactions between CO₂ molecules with H₂O. The foaming ability and foam stability increase with the increase of the SDS concentration up to 1.0 wt% (0.035 mol/L), but a further increase of the surfactant concentration has a negative effect. The high temperature can greatly reduce the stability of CH₄-SDS foam, while the foaming ability and foam stability can be significantly enhanced at high pressure. The addition of a small amount of polyacrylamide as a foam stabilizer can significantly increase the viscosity of the bulk solution and improve the foam stability, and the higher the molecular weight of the polymer, the higher viscosity of the foam liquid film, the better foam performance.     

Moulded pulp products manufacturing with thermoforming

For an effective optimization of pulp thermoforming and of the moulded pulp products manufactured by this process, a full understanding of the process physics combined with full knowledge of the pressing equipment is necessary. For this reason, in this Addendum, we clarify how the process parameters “Holding time,” “Vacuum time,” “Cycle time,” and “Temperature” were interpreted and subsequently defined for the analysis of the process and product‐related outputs of the thermoforming experiments.     

Controllable electrodeposition synthesis of Pd/TMxOy-rGO/CFP composite electrode for highly efficient methanol electro-oxidation

A novel and high-efficiency Pd/TM_xO_y-rGO/CFP (TM_xO_y = Co₃O₄, Mn₃O₄, Ni(OH)₂) electrocatalyst for directly integrated membrane electrode was synthesized by controllable cyclic voltammetry electrodeposition combined with hydrothermal process. The results showed excellent performance towards methanol oxidation reduction. The Pd/Co₃O₄-rGO/CFP as-prepared catalyst has the best electrocatalytic activity, and mass activity is 5181 mA·mg⁻¹_Pd, which is about 40 times and 4.3 times that of the commercial Pd/C and Pt/C catalyst (JM). It can be attributed that the small size of Pd nanoparticle, uniformity of distribution, and the synergistic interaction between transition metal oxide on the support surface and Pd nanoparticles. The prepared Pd/TM_xO_y-rGO/CFP composite electrode is a promising catalyst for integrated membrane electrode assembly of proton exchange membrane fuel cells in the future.     

结合中国专利申请浅析泡沫玻璃中发泡剂的应用及发展

分析了近年来,与泡沫玻璃发泡剂相关的中国专利申请,探讨了泡沫玻璃中发泡剂的应用及发展。     

Plastic-containing materials as alternative reductants for base metal production

Shredder residue materials are produced after the removal of ferrous and non-ferrous fractions from end-of-life electronic equipment. Despite the high plastic content and metal value in the ash, high percentages of these materials are currently sent to landfills. In this study, the potential of utilising shredder residue material and other plastic-containing materials as reducing agents was studied. Plastic-containing materials were co-injected with coal into a zinc-fuming furnace in Boliden-Rönnskär smelter. The data obtained from the trial, such as the data from the chemical analysis of the slag and the steam production, are discussed. The observations indicate that plastic-containing material can replace up to 1?ton?h^?1 of coal without a significant decrease in the zinc reduction rate.